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韓 Sir 資深英語教師
20位國家領袖於英國倫敦舉行了G20峰會，商討如何面對全球性的金融海嘯和解決各國的經濟危機。趁這良機，又可以從有關這次峰會的文件內學習英語了。
掌握 Present Perfect Tense 用途
請大家看看下列摘錄的句子 (英文版原文可在這網頁找到：http://www.londonsummit.gov.uk /en/summit-aims/) :
1. Since 1999, the G-20 has contributed to strengthen the international financial architecture and to foster sustainable economic growth and development. (自從1999年起，G20峰會一直為鞏固國際金融架構和促進可持續的經濟增長和發展作出貢獻。)
2. Confidence in the international banking system has fallen. Major institutions have failed. Countries around the world have entered recession, with falling trade and rising unemployment. (對國際銀行體系的信心已下跌。主要的機構已失敗。全球多國已進入經濟衰退期，貿易下降和失業率上升。)
3. In the run-up to the London Summit, there have been several key achievements. Preparatory meetings have made considerable progress in reaching agreement on some of the key issues. (在籌劃這倫敦峰會期間，我們已取得幾項主要成就。在籌備會議中，我們已就一些關鍵項目，取得共識。)
4. A series of financial market events has culminated in the worst international banking crisis in generations. (一連串的金融市場事件已發生在過去數代最惡劣的國際銀行危機中，並已劃上句號。)
5. Globalisation has delivered significant benefits. (全球化已帶來顯著的得益。)
6. The global financial crisis has required unprecedented action from governments, central banks and regulatory authorities across the world. (這全球金融危機一直需要各國政府、中央銀行和監管機構採取前所未有的行動。)
述及由過去發展至今的事件
大家從上列句子內可找到一個文法上的共通點？原來每一句都是用了同一個時態 (tense)，即現在完成體 (present perfect tense)：句1內的has contributed,句2的has fallen, have failed, have entered,句3的 have been, have made, 句4的has culminated, 句5的 has delivered,句6的has required。
在英語世界內，現在完成體的主要用途有三。其一，敘述一個延續到某一時刻的活動，如上述的句1和6。其二，描繪一個產生影響延續至今的事件，如句3和5。其三，記敘一件已發生在一段時間的一些事件，如句2和4。
只要記著：當您想述及一些由過去發展至今的事件、或發生在過去某一段時期而對現在產生了影響的事件，都必須用這個現在完成體 (present perfect tense)。看看您能否學以致用，試替下列句子填上適當時態的動詞：
1. (live) I _____ in Hong Kong for 10 years.
2. (finish) He _____ with the book and you can borrow it now.
3. (establish) G-20 _____ several working groups to tackle the problems.
4. (invite) They _____ experts to input into the work of the groups.
5. (agree) The leaders _____ to take forward the work of establishing closer cooperation among nations.
(Key : 1. have lived 2. has finished 3. has established 4. have invited 5. have agreed)
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