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葉劉淑儀 新民黨主席
要寫好英文,不但要文法無誤,而且應配以恰當的修辭(figures of speech)。不論中外,simile(明喻)、metaphor(暗喻、隱喻)和personification(擬人)都是常用的修辭手法。我會以英國文學名著為例,談談這些修辭法。
擬人法
The Wind
James Stephens (1882-1950)
The wind stood up and gave a shout. 風奮起狂呼。
He whistled on his fingers and 他猛吹指哨
Kicked the withered leaves about 腳踢枯葉
And thumped the branches with his hand 手打樹枝
And said he'd kill and kill and kill, 說他要殺啊!殺啊!殺啊!
And so he will and so he will 他一定會!一定會!
詩歌把風寫成狂人,形象生動具體。讀者一看,就知道作者寫的不是秋天的微風,而是肅殺凜冽的冬風!
擬人法、明喻
The Eagle
Lord Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)
He clasps the crag with crooked hands; 他用彎曲的手抓緊峭壁;
Close to the sun in lonely lands, 在孤寂大地上直迫太陽;
Ringed with the azure world, he stands. 在青蒼宇宙中傲然獨立。
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; 波皺的汪洋於他腳下匍匐;
He watches from his mountain walls, 他自山牆觀望,
And like a thunderbolt he falls. 閃電一般,驀然衝下。
全詩以「he」來指稱鷹,又寫鷹用「手」抓著峭壁,把鷹人格化。最後作者以雷電比喻鷹自峭壁俯衝之狀—「like a thunderbolt he falls」,充分表現鷹的迅猛之勢。這是simile,有本體「he」(eagle)、喻詞「like」和喻體「thunderbolt」。
暗喻、隱喻
略去喻詞的比喻叫metaphor。莎士比亞喜劇As you like it(《皆大歡喜》)有一對metaphors:
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players...
說世界是舞台,世人是演員,意即「人生如戲」,但句中沒有like,as或resemble之類的喻詞,而以「is」代替,所以是暗喻。
莎劇Hamlet (《王子復仇記》)中,主角Hamlet的父王被叔父殺害,母親改嫁叔父。Hamlet決定和母親當面對質,說:「I will speak daggers to her, but use none.」換言之,他不會用匕首刺他的母親,但所說的話會如匕首般尖銳傷人。這個metaphor連本體(words that can hurt)也略去。
談到metaphor,以下一首英詩的隱喻膾炙人口:
To See a World in a Grain of Sand
William Blake(1757-1872)
To see a world in a grain of sand 從一粒沙子見世界
And a heaven in a wild flower, 從一朵野花見天國
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand 在你手心掌握無限
And eternity in an hour. 在一刻鐘把握永��
「To see a world in a grain of sand /And a heaven in a wild flower」比喻只要用心體會,便可從最微小的事物看見最偉大的道理,和佛學中的「一花一世界,一葉一菩提」異曲同工。
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