上期與同學們分享了如何在議論文中避免faulty analogy(錯誤的類比),除了faulty analogy外,同學還有可能犯上別的邏輯謬誤。今期想和同學分享另一常見邏輯謬誤-slippery slope(滑坡效應)。
誇大壞影響製造恐懼
簡單來說,滑坡效應是指有些事情,倘若開了一個先例之後,往後發展的事情往往無法阻止,最終對社會帶來一些巨大的壞影響。利用具滑坡效應的argument去說服別人,通常是通過製造恐懼(fear-mongering),強調推行或不推行某些事或政策將會為社會帶來嚴重結果。
這是邏輯上的謬誤,因為在很多時候我們沒有辦法預測將來,或一件事情的發生一定會導致一連串的事情發生,因而引起巨大的壞影響:
In America, the rights to keep and bear arms(武器)are a constitutional right. If the government starts introducing gun registration, sooner or later it will embark on universal arms confiscation(充公), which will eventually undermine our constitutional rights.
作者指倘若政府推行槍械登記,必定會引致槍械沒收,最終損害人民在憲法中受利保障的權利(the rights to keep and bear arms) 。為何universal arms confiscation一定會發生?為何the rights to keep and bear arms 一定是要保留的呢?
We shouldn't allow the legalization of same-sex marriage because it will no doubt lead to the destruction of our marriage system and the traditional family. It will also encourage the growth of polygamy (多配偶制).
作者反對同性戀合法化,因為同性戀合法化破壞婚姻制度和傳統家庭,並將鼓吹多配偶制。這argument當然並不合理,因為事實告訴我們,在外國並沒有證據顯示同性戀合法化完全破壞婚姻制度和傳統家庭。
避免all or nothing式思維
要避免argument產生滑坡效應,同學應想一想argument本身是否合理,有沒有過分誇大事情的可能後果。很多arguments並不是all or nothing的(不是一就是二),同學可多用字詞如probably、likely、highly likely等去避免極端的言論。
Practice
Read the following statement and indicate whether the following statement is a slippery slope argument. Explain your answer.
We've got to stop the government from introducing a law which bans parodies(滑稽模仿作品). Once the government starts banning people's rights to make parodies for non-profit purposes, they will start banning others. In the end, we will have no freedom of speech.
Answer: This is a slippery slope argument. The writer suggests that banning parodies will lead to the loss freedom of speech, which cannot be proved.
■Dr. A. Chan 哲學博士,哲學碩士,英語講師。熟悉公開考試之出題模式與評分準則,任教英語。
隔星期三見報
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