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1945¦~10¤ë29¤é¡A40·³ªºJean-Paul Sartre¦b¤Ú¾¤Club MaintenantºtÁ¿¡AÃD¥Ø¬°¡m¦s¦b¥D¸q§Y¤H¹D¥D¸q¡n¡]Existentialism is a Humanism¡^¡C¦­¦b¨â¦~«e¡A¥Lµoªí¤F¡m¦s¦b»PµêµL¡n¡]Being and Nothingness¡^¡AµM¦Ó¡AÁa¨Ï¥L¤@ª½°í«ù¦Û¤v¤£³ßÅw¡u¦s¦b¥D¸q¡v¡A¨ÃºÙ¦Û¤vªº«ä·Q¬°¡uÃö©ó¦s¦bªº­õ¾Ç¡v¡A¥L¦b¨â¦~«áªººtÁ¿¸ÌÁÙ¬O¥H¦¹¬°ÃD--¤H­Ì¥¿«æ¤Á¦a´M§ä¤G¾Ô¤¤¦Û¬Û´Ý±þªº²z¥Ñ¡C³o®M¼f«ä¦Û¨­¦æ¬°¥»½è¡BSartre¥H¬°¡u¿n·¥¼ÖÆ[¡vªº²z©À¡A¹ï©ó­è±q¾Ô¤õ¸Ì¸Ñ©ñªº¤H­Ì¡A«D±`¦³§l¤Þ¤O¡CºtÁ¿¤¤¡ASartre»¡¡G¦s¦b¥ý©ó¥»½è¡C³o¬O¤°»ò·N«ä©O¡HPhilip Mairetª©¥»Â½¦¨¡G[E]xistence comes before essence. Sartre¸ÑÄÀ¹D¡G[M]an first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world-and defines himself afterwards...the destiny of man is placed within himself. ¤H¬O¥ý¦s¦b¡A¦A«Ø¥ß¦Û¤vªº¡C¤Hªº¡u©R¡v¡]destiny¡^¥Ñ¦Û¤v¨M©w¡C¥L¤@¤è­±¦^À³¤F¤G¾Ô¤¤¤HÃþªº±þ¼®¡A¤£¯àÂk©S¡u¬J©w¡vªº¦]¯À-¡u§Cµ¥¡v¨Ã«DµS¤Ó¤Hªº¡u¥»½è¡v¡A±R°ªªº¤£¬O³Ó§Q¦Ó¬O¸Ñ©ñ¡C¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¥L¬°¤HÃþ©¹«áªº¸ô«ü¥X¤F¤è¦V¡G«ç¼Ë¨«±o¾a¦Û¤v¡C

¥L¨ü¨ì¤F¦³¯«½×ªÌªº§ðÀ»¡A¦b¦³¯«ªº¥@¬É¤¤¡A©R¡]destiny¡^¦­¤w¥Ñ¯«¨M©w¡A¤HµLÅv¹L°Ý¡CµM¦Ó§Ú­ÌÄò°Ý¡G¤°»ò¬Odestiny©O¡HºJ¶}Á}²`ªº«ä·Q²z½×¡A³o­Ó¸ÜÃD«Ü¦³½ì¡C

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Destiny¡A³Ì¦­°l·¹¨ì©Ô¤B»y°Êµüdestinare¡A¡u½T¥ß¡B½T©w¡v¡C¤Q¥|¥@¬ö¤¤°_¡A¦³¤F¡u¤w©wªº¶iµ{¡B©R¹B¡vªº·N«ä¡]that which is determined, established¡^¡CH. G. Wells¦bA Short History of the World¸Ì¼g¨ìªü¨½¤h¦h¼w¡GHe made no Utopias. Before man could really control his destiny as Plato taught, Aristotle perceived that he needed far more knowledge and far more accurate knowledge than he possessed. ¬Û¤ñ¥L·Q¹³¤OÂ×´Iªº¦Ñ®v¬f©Ô¹Ï¡A¹Á¸Õ«Ø¥ß§¹¬ü¥@¬É¡]Utopias¡^¡AAristotle§ó½ñ¹ê¤@ÂI¡AÁ`ı±o¦Û¤v¾Ç±o¤£°÷¡AÁÙ¨S¯à±±¨î¦Û¤vªº¡u©R¡v¡C­^°ê­õ¾Ç®aBertrand Russell´¿»¡¡A¥j§Æþ¤Hªº¦t©zÆ[¥H¡u¥­§¡¡v¬°¥»¡A¤£½×¬O¤H¡AÁÙ¬O¤H¤§¤Wªº¯«©ú¡A»P¥Í­Ñ¨Ó³£¬O¨ü¬ù§ôªº¡A¦³¦U¦Ûªº¡u³¡¤À¡v¡A¤@¥¹¶V¬É¡A¥²©w¾D¨üÃg»@¡]retribution¡^¡A©ó¬O´N¦³¤FÄþ³d¦Ûº¡ªÌªº¯«¬éNemesis¡A¦³¤Fnomos¡]ªk¡B«ß¡^¡A¦³¤Fdike¡]¸q¡Ajustice¡^¡C¦p¦¹¬Ý¨Ó¡A»P¨ä»¡§Î¦Ó¤Wªº¡u»{©R¡v¡A¤£¦p»¡ªü¨½¤h¦h¼w»{¬°¤H¯à°÷¾Ç²ß¡B§ä¥X¡B´x´¤­­¨î¦Û¤vªººØºØÕÀÑè¡A¬ð¯}ÿÆX¡A¦¨´N¡u¦Û¨­¡v¡FWells¤f¤¤ªºdestiny¡A²z¸Ñ¬°¡u¦Û¨­¡v-©|¥¼¹ê²{ªº¡B¥¼¨Óªº¡u¦Û¤v¡v-©È¬O¤ñ¸û§´¶Kªº§a¡C¦P¼Ë¡ASartre»¡¡Gthe destiny of man is placed within himself¡A¤Hªº¦s¦b§¹¥þ¥Ñ¥Lªº¦æ¬°©w¸q¡Adestiny¡A¬O¦³§O©ó¦³¯«½×ªº¥Ñ©l¦Ü²×ªº¡u¬J©w¡v¡A¦Ó¥Ñ¦Û¨­§¹¦¨¡B¤£¨Ì¾a¡B¤£ªþ±q¥~¤Oªº¡u¤H¥Í¡v§a¡I

§Ú­Ì¤£Ãø¬Ý¥X¡Adestiny¤@¦r¦b¨C­Ó³õ¦X¡]setting¡^¸Ì¡A³£¦³¦U¦Ûªº·N«ä¡A¤£¹L¤j³£¨ã¦³¡u«e¤¡v¡]prospective¡^¡B¡u¨ü­­¡v¡]bounded¡^¡B¡u¹Lµ{¡v¡]process¡^ªº°ò¥»²[¸q¡C

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¦ý¬O¡A©Ò¿×ªº¨ü­­¡A¬O¨ü½Ö©Ò­­¡H¬°¤°»ò·|¨ü­­©O¡HÄþ³d¦Ûº¡ªÌªºNemesis¡A¥u¬O°õªk½}¤F¡C¥Ñ¥j§Æþ»y°Êµünemein¡A¡u«ö¬J©wªº¤À°t¡v¦Ó¨Ó¡]nomos«ßªk¤]¬O¡^¡A¤H­Y¶V¹L¤F¬É­­¡A§Y¶W¹L¤F¦Û¤v©Ò±oªº°tÃB¡]portion¡^¡A«K¨ü¦oÃg»@¡C¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤¤´Á¡A³o­Ó¦r¦³¤F¡u¤£¯à§JªAªº»Ùê¡vªº·N«ä¡CR. A. Salvatore¼gªºExile: The Legend of Drizzt, Book II¤¤¦³¤@¥y¡GIt did not take me long to discover one nemesis that I could neither defeat nor flee. My enemy was solitude. ¥D¨¤©t¨­¤@¤H¦bº£¶Âªº¦a¤U¥@¬É¬y¤`¡A¥L¬O¨­¸g¦Ê¾Ôªº¾Ô¤h¡A«oµLªk¾Ô³Ó¦p¼v¯ë¸òÀHªº¡u©t¿W¡v¡C§Ú­Ì¸Ó«ç¼Ë²z¸Ñnemesis³o­Ó¦r¡H©Î³\¥i¥H´«­Ó¤è¦¡µo°Ý¡G¬°¤°»ò§@ªÌ¥Î³o­Ó¦r©O¡H©Mdestiny¤@¼Ë¡Anemesis¤]¦³¬É­­ªº§t¸q¡]IJ¤Î¤F®zÂI¡A¦]¦ÓµLªk§JªA¡^¡C­«­nªº¬O¡A¤£½×¬OdestinyÁÙ¬Onemesis¡A¥D¨¤³£¬O»P¤§§Üª§ªº¡F§Y¨Ï¾Ô¤hµLªk¾Ô³Ó©t¿W¡A¦b¥L¤Ï«äªº·í¤U¡A¨ä¹ê¤w¸g§ë¤J¤@ºØ§Üª§¤F¡A¦¹¨è¥L·NÃѨì¤F¦Û¤vªº¤ß¹Ò¡]¥¿¥¿¬O¦]¬°¥LµLªk§Ô¨ü±Ú¤Hªº´Ý»Å¡A¤~¨M©wÂ÷¸s¯Á©~¡^¡A§V¤O¬ð¯}¤ß²z¤Wªº¬É­­¡A³o¥÷§V¤O±À°Ê¥L¦Û¨­ªº¡u©R¡v¡A¥Î§Oªº¦r¬OµLªkªí¹F³o¼h·N¸qªº¡C

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»¡¨ì¡u©R¡v¡A¤S«ç¯à¤£´£¨ìfate©O¡H§Ú­Ì°l·¹¨ì¥j§Æþ»y¦Wµümoira¡]²³¼Æmoirai¡^¡A¡u¤@³¡¤À¡v¡A¥i¥H¬O¤@³¡¤Àªº¾Ô§Q«~¡B¤@³¡¤Àªº¤g¦a¡B¤@³¡¤À¬J©wªº¶iµ{¡C¨º­Ó®É­Ô¡A§Æþ¤H­nªí¹F¡u©R¡v¡A¦Û·|¤Þ¥Î¥L­Ìªº¯«©ú¡A¨M©w©R¹BªºMoirai¡GClotho¡BLachesis©MAtropos¡CClotho½s´¤Hªº¥Í©R½u¡FLachesis¨M©w½uªºªø«×¡FAtropos°Å½u¡CLachesis¦b§Æþ»y¤¤¦³portion allotter¡u¤À°tªÌ¡vªº·N«ä¡AAtropos«h«ü¡u¤£¥i®¾¦^¡v-½u¤w¸g°Å±¼¤F¡CEuripidesªº´d¼@Medea¤¤¡A¥D¨¤Medea¬°¤F³ø´_¥L¤V¤ÒJason¥t°ù·s©d-«°¨¹Corinthªº¤½¥D-³]­p®`¦o¡AMedeaªºÀH±q±o±x«á¹Ä¹D¡GDeath will be her portion, hapless girl. She cannot overleap her doom¡]Bantam ClassicsĶ¥»¡^. ¦º¤`¬O¤½¥D¡u¬J©wªº³¡¤À¡v¡Aportion¡Amoira¡Afate¡CÀH±qÄò»¡¡GIt seems that this day Fate is visiting his sins on Jason. Unfortunate daughter of Creon, we pity your calamity. Fate¬°¤°»ò¤j¼g©O¡H³o¸Ì¬O«üÀÀ¤H¤Æ¤F¡]personified¡^ªº©R¹B¤k¯«­Ì¡C

Medea¬°¤F¤£Åý¦oªº¤l¤k©M¦o¤@¼Ë³Q­¢¬y¤`¡A¬½¤U¨M¤ß§â¥L­Ì¿Ë¤â±þ¤F¡A¤U¤â¤§®É¡A¦o©ó¤ß¤£§Ô¡GThere was a time when I had strong hopes that you would tend my old age and with your own hands dress my body for the grave, a fate that the world might envy. Now the sweet dream is gone. ¦o´¿·Q¹³¤l¤k¨Í©^°e²×¡A³­¦ñ¦b°¼¡A¦ý¦p¤µ¡u¬ü¹Ú¤w³u¡v¡F¦³¤l¤k¨Í©^°e²×¡A¡u¾ã­Ó¥@¬É³£ÆA¸r§Úªº¾D¹J¡]fate¡^¡v¡C³o¸Ìªºfate©M¤W¤@¬qªºfate¡A³£©M¥Í©Rªº²×µ²¦³Ãö¡A¥i¬O¦³·L§®ªº¤£¦P©O¡GMedea»¡¥@¬É³£ÆA¸r¦o®É¡A®£©È¬O­W¯ºþÓªº¡AÁaµM¬O¦º¤`¡A¤]¦³©t¿W¦a¥h©M¦w¸Ô¦º¥h¤§¤À¡A¤]¦³¥i¨D©M¤£¥i¨D¤§¤À§a¡I

©Mdestiny¤£¦P¡AfateÁö¤]¦³¡u¨ü­­¡v¡]bounded¡^ªº²[¸q¡A¦ý¬O±j½Õ¦º¤`©Î¤£©¯¬O¨ü­­ªº¡uµ²ªG¡v¡A¥B¦³¡u«áÅU¡v¡]retrospective¡^ªºªp¨ý§a......

1980¦~4¤ë15¤é¡A75·³ªºSartreªÍ¤ô¸~¥h¥@¡A¦Ñ¦ñSimon de Beauvoir¤@ª½³­¦ñ¦b°¼¡C¡½±­à±®p

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