
上期提到很多學生不懂如何正確地運用so as to、in order to、in order that、so that來expressing purpose (表達目的),今期也會繼續講解文法課題,希望各位本身對使用despite / in spite of / despite the fact that / in spite of the fact that來expressing contrast (表達對比)感到混亂的second language learner,能加深對這個grammar item的認識。
Despite / In spite of︰很多學生對於運用這兩個prepositional expressions都感到手足無措,最常見的錯誤觀念是認為兩者有所不同,又或者以為有despite of / in spite的存在。
其實它們的意思相近,都是解作儘管,只是若真的要作出比較,despite會在較formal(正式的)情況下使用。當我們運用despite / in spite of 時,後面會是一個noun / noun phrase (名詞 /名詞句)。例句:
1. Despite his old age, the old man can still drive a truck. (儘管年紀很大,他仍然能夠駕駛貨車。)
在句子中,表達了old age(大年紀)與driving ability(駕駛能力)的contrast (對比);
2. In spite of the cold weather, she wears a vest and underpants. (儘管天氣寒冷,她只穿着背心和內褲。)
這句則表達了cold weather(寒冷天氣)和clothes(所穿衣服)的對比。
以上的例子,despite / in spite of 後也用了noun phrase(his old age / the cold weather),學生最常犯的錯誤就是忘了把clause(句子)轉為noun / noun phrase。
例句︰Despite he is old, the old man can still drive a truck. In spite of the weather is cold, she wears a vest and underpants.
如果despite / in spite of後想使用一個verb(動詞),應如何正確運用呢?其實方法很簡單,就是使用gerund(動名詞),把verb加上 -ing 便可以了。例句:
1. Despite being overweight, she never works out. (儘管過重,她從來不做運動。)
2. In spite of getting up early, he is always late for school. (儘管很早起床,他經常上學遲到。)
Despite the fact that / In spite of the fact that︰剛才提過,很多學生都會在despite / in spite of後寫上一個clause(句子),造成了文法錯誤。其實換另一個寫法,就能輕鬆把錯誤變成正確-就是加上the fact that。但值得注意的地方,是這次不能使用noun / noun phrase。例句:
1. Despite the fact that the bathroom is dirty, she never cleans it. (儘管洗手間很骯髒,她從不清潔。)
2. In spite of the fact that he studied really hard, he failed the test. (儘管他很努力溫習,他的測驗不合格。)
句子中,the bathroom is dirty / he studied really hard 也是一個clause。
下次運用despite / in spite of / despite the fact that / in spite of the fact that表達對比時,要多留意它們的不同用法。■程韻
作者簡介:英國文學碩士,在男校任教英語的女教師,愛好文學和動物。
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