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相信大多數讀者在小學就已學會使用句式「There is/are ...」來表達「(某處)有某些東西」,例如:
• There is a book on the table.(桌子上有1本書。)
• There are ten chairs in the room.(房間裡有10張椅子。)
• There are many theories about the origin of the universe.(關於宇宙起源的理論有很多。)
這類句子叫expletive constructions(虛主詞結構,expletive解作「填充詞」)。英語句子的基本結構是「主語+謂語」,主語通常實指某一事物,例如「The bell rang」的主語是「The bell」、「I like ice-cream」的主語是「I」等。而「There is/are ...」的「There」卻是「虛詞」,用以填補主語的位置,沒有實際所指。
有些人很愛用這種句式,然而,若使用不當會令句子冗贅,甚至造成文法錯誤。我不時看到這樣的句子:
• 「There were 50 students attended the seminar.」(該研討會有50名學生出席。)
• 「There are over 1,000 people have applied for the posts of Under Secretaries or Political Assistants.」(超過1,000人應徵副局長或政治助理。)
• 「There were many traffic accidents happened in this district last year.」(去年這區發生了多宗交通意外。)
加關係代詞免「雙重動詞」
一個簡單句中,主要動詞不可多於一個。因此,以上3句都犯了「雙重動詞」的錯誤。如果選擇沿用「There were」和「There are」來開頭,最簡單的改動方法就是加上relative pronoun(關係代詞),例如who、which或that:
• 「There were 50 students who attended that seminar.」
• 「There are over 1,000 people who have applied for the posts of Under Secretaries or Political Assistants.」
• 「There were many traffic accidents which happened in this district last year.」
最佳寫法:刪不必要字詞
然而,這並非最佳寫法。倒不如刪去「There were」或「There are」,使文句更簡潔:
• 「50 students attended that seminar.」
• 「Over 1000 people have applied for the posts of Under Secretaries or Political Assistants.」
• 「Many traffic accidents happened in this district last year.」
雖可加強語氣 濫用卻成累贅
「It is ... who/which/that ...」也是常見的虛主詞句構,例如:
• 「It was my grandmother who brought me up.」(把我養育成人的是我祖母。)
• 「It is you who are mistaken.」(是你搞錯了。)
以上句子的意思等同「My grandmother brought me up.」及「You are mistaken.」,但強調了「my grandmother」和「you」。「It is ... who/which/that ...」句式能加強語氣,然而濫用則成累贅。
許多教授英語寫作的人建議,使用「There is/are ...」或「It is ... who/which/that ...」前,應先想想有沒有較簡單直接的表達方法。選用簡單句式,不但能避免語法錯誤,而且表意更明確。 ■葉劉淑儀 新民黨主席
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