余功
上星期談大學,今天不如說教育吧。有史以來最年長的諾貝爾文學獎得主萊辛(Doris Lessing)在代表作《黃金筆記》(The Golden Notebook)說了一番直率話:「Ideally, what should be said to every child, repeatedly, throughout his or her school life is something like this: 『You are in the process of being indoctrinated. We have not yet evolved a system of education that is not a system of indoctrination. We are sorry, but it is the best we can do. What you are being taught here is an amalgam of current prejudice and the choices of this particular culture. The slightest look at history will show how impermanent these must be .... Those of you who are more robust and individual than others will be encouraged to leave and find ways of educating yourself - educating your own judgements.』」(按理想,我們要向每一個孩子說的,在他或她整個學校生涯中不斷說的,大致是這樣的話:「你正經歷一個洗腦過程,我們尚未發展出一套並非洗腦制度的教育制度。我們感到抱歉,但我們已盡力而為。你在這兒學到的,混合了這個時期的偏見和這個特定文化的選擇。只要略觀歷史,便會證實這些東西必然多麼短暫。……你們當中比其他人更堅強和獨特的,我鼓勵你們離開,尋找教育自己的方法—教育自己如何判斷事物。」)這兒坦承的是學校如何填鴨,如何無可避免灌輸特定價值觀;而萊辛寄望的,是某些莘莘學子可以跳出傳統框框,養成獨立思考的習慣。
心中有火 有待點燃
美國著名文化人類學家(cultural anthropologist)Margaret Mead說過一句類似的話:Children must be taught how to think, not what to think(孩子必須學習如何思考,並非思考甚麼)。早於二千年前,希臘著名歷史學家Pultarch也說過大同小異的話:The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled(心靈並非一個器皿有待注滿,而是一道火焰有待點燃)。只要好奇心給燃起,孩子自然會主動學習,阻也阻不了。科幻大師Isaac Asimov 甚至認為:Self-education is, I firmly believe, the only kind of education there is(我堅決相信,自學是唯一的一種學習方式)。
智慧人格 缺一不可
上述指的主要是知的教育、智的教育,但德的教育也不可或缺,甚至更重要。美國黑人民權領袖馬丁.路德金說: Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education(智慧結合人格—這是真正教育的目標)。兒童故事《納尼亞傳奇》(The Chronicles of Narnia)作者CS Lewis則從反面說明德育的重要:Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a more clever devil(不含價值觀的教育,儘管有用,似乎只會令人變成更聰明的魔鬼)。
說到人格、德育,身教當然重於言教。美國The Muppet Show的著名布偶大師Jim Henson便說:Kids don't remember what you try to teach them. They remember what you are(孩子不會記得你嘗試教他們甚麼,他們記得的是你的為人)。這是所有教育工作者以至家長都應當緊記的。(逢星期五見報)
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